1.0 PURPOSE: The Human Powered Vehicle Association (HPVA) supports human-powered vehicle competition and officially recognizes and maintains records for the purpose of encouraging and promoting advancements in human-power technology. 2.0 GENERAL: These rules shall apply to all events sanctioned by the HPVA. The HPVA supports competition in three categories of human power: those of 1) Land; 2) Water and 3) Air vehicles; Within these categories, competition is supported and records are maintained in the classes of competition outlined below. However, event organizers are free to organize other events and classes to which these rules may be applied. Events not covered by these rules may also be held in conjunction with sanctioned competitions. Rules for non-sanctioned events must be provided by the event organizer. In general, it shall be the intention of the HPVA rules to avoid defining what type of vehicle may enter individual competitions, but to let the competition itself determine which type of vehicle is superior by a normal evolutionary process. Exceptions may be made if unavoidable (e.g., arm-powered vehicles.) The spirit of these rules is to avoid inhibiting design innovation by not establishing unnecessary restrictions. 3.0 LAND VEHICLE COMPETITIONS 3.1 Vehicle Requirements   3.1.1 Power: Vehicles must be driven solely by human power. Non-human power sources (batteries, solar cells, etc.) are permitted only for powering sensors, displays, communication equipment and lights. Control devices, cooling fans, powered aerodynamic devices, etc., may not be powered from non-human sources. 3.1.2 Energy Storage - No device which stores energy over more than one input power cycle (e.g., one leg stroke), or which releases energy under control of the operator, may be used in any event except the road race, or speed events longer than one mile. Energy storage devices are permitted in these events provided no energy is stored before the start of the race (this means absolutely no chemical, electrical, kinetic, potential, or other form of energy storage at the start.) 3.1.3 Brakes - All vehicles must have a safe means of stopping. 3.1.4 Control - All vehicles must be controlled by the rider(s), with the single exception of that necessitated by the standing start as described in section 3.2.3.1. 3.1.5 Integrity - No vehicle may discard any part after beginning motion.   3.2 Events 3.2.1 Competition Classes - Competition events shall be recognized in the following classes: 3.2.1.1 Single Rider - The vehicle shall contain only one person. 3.2.1.2 Multiple rider - The vehicle shall contain two or more persons. 3.2.1.3 Arms only - Power shall be obtained by arm motion only. 3.2.1.3.1 Physically handicapped riders - Rules to be determined. Event Directors may institute special competitions in this area. 3.2.1.4 Male and female riders - The HPVA shall recognize separate records for males and females in all events. However, segregated competition for males and females is to be discouraged. 3.2.1.5 Organizer's option - Classes may be combined by the event organizer for a single race, but all records will be maintained in the classes indicated. 3.2.2 TYPES OF EVENTS - The following race events are recognized: 3.2.2.1 200 METER SPEED TRIAL - The winner of this event shall be the vehicle achieving the highest average speed over a 200 meter interval. A flying start from any distance is permitted, within practical limits as established by the event organizer. 3.2.2.2 500 METER SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 500 meters. 3.2.2.3 1 KILOMETER SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 1 kilometer. 3.2.2.4 4 KILOMETER SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 4 kilometers and the trial is a "standing start" event. 3.2.2.5 10 KILOMETER SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 10 kilometers and the trial is a "standing start" event. 3.2.2.6 1 MILE SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 1 mile. 3.2.2.7 200 METER SPEED TRIAL - 600 meter start. The winner of this event shall be the vehicle achieving the highest average speed over a 200 meter interval. A flying start from not more than 600 meters before the 200 meter timed section is permitted. 3.2.2.8 1/4 Mile Elapsed Time - The winner of this event shall be the vehicle achieving the shortest elapsed time to travel 1/4 mile. A standing start is required. 3.2.2.9 1-HOUR TIME TRIAL - The winner of this event shall be the vehicle achieving the maximum distance in one hour. A closed course is required for this event. A standing start is required. 3.2.2.10 12-HOUR TIME TRIAL - Same as 3.2.2.9 except 12 hours. 3.2.2.11 24-HOUR TIME TRIAL - Same as 3.2.2.9 except 24 hours. 3.2.2.12 ROAD RACE - The winner of this event shall be the first vehicle to complete a designated number of laps on a designated course. The starting requirement may be a standing start, flying start or LeMans start. The event organizer shall specify the exact course, the number of laps, and the type of start. No records shall be recognized for this event. 3.2.2.13 PRACTICAL/COMMUTER VEHICLE - Rules to be determined. 3.2.2.14 SPECIAL RECORD EVENTS - Members are encouraged to submit applications for new record categories to the HPVA. Significant achievements will be recognized as new record classes. 3.2.2.15 100 KILOMETER SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 100 kilometers and the trial is a "standing start" event.   3.2.2.16 1 MEGA-METER (1,000,000 meters) SPEED TRIAL - Identical to 3.2.2.1 except 1,000,000 meters and the trial is a "standing start" event. 3.2.3 Starts 3.2.3.1 STANDING START - A standing start is defined as an unassisted start from the stationary position, except that the vehicles which are unstable at low speeds may be assisted by one assistant for not more than 15 meters. The assistant may not push the vehicle. 3.2.3.2 FLYING START - A flying start is defined as a start where the vehicle may be assisted by accelerating before entering the timed portion of the course. Push assists by one or more persons are permitted. Pushers may not assist the vehicle for more than 15 meters. 3.2.3.3 LeMans START - A LeMans start is defined as a start where the vehicles are parked diagonally on one side of the race course, while the racers line up on the other side of the track. At the start of the race, the riders run to their vehicles, get in, and proceed onto the course. Push assists are not permitted. However, if any vehicle is unstable at low speeds, a single assistant is permitted to stabilize the vehicle for not more than 15 meters. The same assistant may also assist the rider in getting into the vehicle, closing canopies, etc. 3.2.3.3.1 Assisted LeMans Start. An assisted LeMans start is defined to be the same as a LeMans Start, except that a single assistant is permitted to assist the rider in getting into the vehicle and getting underway. 3.2.4 DRAFTING - No human-powered vehicle may be assisted in any record attempt by a pacing vehicle used for the purpose of aerodynamic assistance. 3.2.5 CHANGE OF RIDERS - No change of riders or removal of riders is permitted during a race. 3.2.6 PASSING - In multiple-vehicle races, lapped vehicles must yield right-of-way to lapping vehicles. Blocking or obstructing the race path by weaving is prohibited. Vehicles should follow a steady predictable line during a race and avoid sudden maneuvers which might cause accidents. 3.2.7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS - All riders must wear Snell-approved helmets during all competition. Vehicles may be disqualified from competition due to inadequate braking capability, lack of stability, poor visibility, presence of dangerous protrusions, or other unsafe design features. Vehicles which are deemed to be unsafe may be flagged off the course by race officials. 3.2.8 CONDUCT - Any competitor judged by the Race Committee to have practiced unsportsmanlike conduct during an event may be disqualified from that particular event. The Race Committee shall review available evidence before making a decision to disqualify. The decision of the Race Committee is final.   3.3 COURSE REQUIREMENTS 3.3.1 COURSE FLATNESS - Except for courses for the road race events, and the time trial events one hour and over, all courses must meet the following flatness requirement: If an imaginary line is drawn from the end of the timed portion of the event course back toward the beginning of the course but sloped upward at a slope of 2/3 percent (1 meter in 150), at no point may the vehicle course pass above this line. Curved courses may be used for any event, provided the same flatness requirement is met. The 200 meter time trap in the 200 meter speed trial events, however, must be contained in a straight section. All curved courses must be clearly marked with the limiting inside boundary. Any vehicle crossing a wheel over this boundary shall be disqualified from the run. Course distance shall be measured from the inside boundary of turns. 3.3.2 Course Measurement. In order to qualify as a record course, distances and elevation difference must be measured and certified by a registered Civil Engineer, a registered Land Surveyor, or a person with equivalent training. 3.3.3 Timing - All timing must be accomplished by automatic start and stop actuation. Timers must be certified as accurate to within 1/100 of a second in 10 minutes or 1 second per day at a temperature of 20 degrees/C, plus or minus 5 degrees/C. Certification must be by a chronographic testing service or a registered Electrical Engineer. Timing to the nearest 1/100 second is required, and timing to the nearest 1/1000 second is preferred. 3.3.4 WIND - For any run to be approved as a record, the wind velocity in any direction must not exceed six kilometers per hour (1.67 meters per second). Wind velocity measurement must be taken during the duration of the actual timed run at the finish of the course, at a level of 2 meters above the course surface. These restrictions apply to closed as well as straight courses.   3.4 SPECIAL ARM POWER RULES   3.4.1 Any drive may be used for any of the events in the arm power class. Hand and foot powered machines which compete in other HPVA race categories are allowed in the arm-power category as long as the leg-power input is disabled. 3.4.2 There are no restrictions on riders in this class. They must not be endangering themselves or others by competing in the race. No handicaps or other equalizers will be used. All riders compete under HPVA rules. 3.4.3 PRACTICAL/COMMUTER VEHICLE RULES - To be determined.   3.5 SPRINT RECORDS - Effective November 1997, For speed trial records only, a mandatory back-up run that is within 5% of the speed of the record run is required within 10 days (either before or after) the record run. This back-up run is required for distances of 4,000 meters or less. 4.0 WATER VEHICLE COMPETITION RULES - To be determined. 5.0 AIR VEHICLE COMPETITION RULES - To be determined. 6.0 SANCTIONING - The HPVA will sanction events organized under these rules. In order for a record to be recognized, sanction must be obtained from the HPVA prior to the event or record attempt. A completed application for event sanctioning and the sanction fee must be received by the HPVA at least 30 days prior to the event. The event must be witnessed by an official appointed by the HPVA. All contestants in a sanctioned event must sign a waiver releasing the HPVA from liability for the event. 7.0 RECORDS - All record attempts recognized by the HPVA must be run according to these rules. An official appointed by the HPVA must observe the record run. The official must be in no way connected with the ownership, design or operation of the vehicle. The official must be an entirely independent observer. Documentation of the record attempt must be forwarded to the HPVA within 30 days after the event. 8.0 RULES INTERPRETATION AND PROTESTS - Each event organizer shall set up a race committee to interpret these rules and settle any protests. The head of the race committee shall be an HPVA representative. Decisions of this committee in regard to the competition are final. Protests concerning record attempts must be submitted in writing to the HPVA. These will be reviewed by the HPVA, and a decision made within 120 days following receipt of the protest. 9.0 CHANGES - Any member of the HPVA may recommend rule changes to the Rules Committee. Proposed rule changes will be assembled and considered once per year. Changes will become effective after approval by the Board of Directors of the HPVA and publication of the rules.   AMENDMENTS: As of November 1997, the HPVA approved the following amendments:   (1) If the high altitude record is the fastest speed for a particular event this becomes the "official record". The HPVA will also recognize a "low altitude record" set at or below the HPVA established elevation above sea level. (2) If the low altitude is the fastest for an event, this becomes the "official record" and there will also be a recognized high altitude record set above the HPVA established elevation. If the low altitude speed is faster than the high altitude speed, then the low altitude speed is the "official record". If an HPV at high altitude then goes faster than the "official record", the new speed becomes the "official record" and the old record (set at low altitude) then becomes "the low altitude record". (3) As of 1998 the HPVA recognizes the above land speed records divided into two categories: high altitude and low altitude. The division is at 700 meters above sea level.   End of "Competition Rules of the HPVA" Notice: This is a copy of the Rules for Web presentation only. The master and governing set is maintained by the HPVA Rules Committee.